In a large bowl, whisk together the flour, sugar, baking powder, and salt.
In another bowl, beat the egg yolks and then mix in the buttermilk, melted butter, and vanilla extract.
Pour the wet ingredients into the dry ingredients and mix until just combined.
In a separate bowl, beat the egg whites with an electric mixer until stiff peaks form.
Gently fold the beaten egg whites into the batter until fully incorporated.
Heat an Æbleskiver pan (or a similar pan with deep, round cavities) over medium heat and lightly grease it with butter or oil.
Spoon a small amount of batter into each cavity of the pan, filling them about halfway.
Cook for about 2 minutes, or until bubbles start to form on the surface.
Use a skewer or a long fork to carefully turn each Æbleskiver to cook the other side. Continue to cook for another 2 minutes, or until golden brown and cooked through.
Remove the Æbleskiver from the pan and place them on a plate.
Dust with powdered sugar and serve warm with jam or fruit preserves, if desired.
Enjoy your meal!